Such work is important to ensure that the research field remains relevant to individuals with visual impairment ( Shaw et al., 2015 Bell, 2019a, b) and to maximize extended reality presentations of environments, e.g., through virtual or augmented reality ( Depledge et al., 2011). There is growing interest in and call for study of non-visual aspects of restorative environments, including sound, smell, and touch ( Conniff and Craig, 2016 Iyendo, 2016 Franco et al., 2017 Aletta and Kang, 2019 Sona et al., 2019 Schebella et al., 2020). Studies on these topics tend to focus on visuo-spatial experience of environments, utilizing stimuli such as photographs, videos, and slideshows, but environments are not experienced through vision alone. Much attention has been paid to the restorative value of natural environments in particular ( Hartig et al., 2014). There is an abundance of literature regarding the ability of certain settings, termed “restorative environments,” to facilitate recovery from everyday cognitive fatigue, negative mood, and stress ( Collado et al., 2017). This represents another important area of potential theoretical development for broader restorative environments research. Fifth, findings regarding positive, learned semantic associations with nature have arisen as a result of recent work on sounds and restoration. Fourth, theoretical frameworks of restorative environments would benefit from inclusion of acoustic environmental properties such as sound intensity or frequency. Third, after stress and/or fatigue nature sounds and soundscapes can lead to subjectively and objectively improved mood and cognitive performance, as well as reductions in arousal, although some inconsistencies in findings are observed. Second, isolated from other sensory modalities these sounds are often, although not always, positively affectively appraised and perceived as restorative. First, the work surveyed indicates that nature is broadly characterized by the sounds of birdsong, wind, and water, and these sounds can enhance positive perceptions of natural environments presented through visual means. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United KingdomĪcoustic experiences of nature represent a growing area in restorative environments research and are explored in this narrative literature review.
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